Academy · 01 / 02 · Technical principles
AC, DC and three-phase systems
Follow the electrical path from modules or batteries to a grid connection.
- Level
- Foundation
- Reading time
- 11 min
- Reviewed
- 2026-08-24
- Next review
- 2028-08-24
- Jurisdiction
- Global
What you will learn
- 01Recognize where conversion between DC and AC occurs.
- 02Relate active, reactive and apparent power.
- 03Explain why voltage, frequency and power factor matter.
Core concepts
01
From source to grid
PV modules and electrochemical cells operate in DC. Inverters synthesize AC and coordinate with protection, transformers and controls. Most utility and industrial systems use three phases because they transfer power efficiently and support rotating equipment.
02
Power is more than MW
Active power performs useful work; reactive power supports electric and magnetic fields; apparent power reflects total equipment loading. Power factor and harmonics affect current, losses, equipment ratings and connection compliance.
Decision notes
- 01Do not infer cable or transformer size from MW alone.
- 02Grid frequency is a system condition, not an energy-quality score.
Primary sources
Open the official source and confirm its current edition, jurisdiction and adoption before applying it.